Rayonnement

African populations remain underrepresented in studies of human genetic diversity, despite a growing interest in understanding how they have adapted to the diverse environments they live in. In particular, understanding the genetic basis of immune adaptation to pathogens is of paramount importance in a continent such as Africa, where the burden of infectious diseases is a major public health challenge.

Since leaving Africa, human populations have gone through a series of range expansions. While the genomic signatures of these expansions are well detectable on a continental scale, the genomic consequences of small-scale expansions over shorter time spans are more challenging to disentangle.

Liver cytochromes (CYPs) play an important role in drug metabolism but display a large interindividual variability resulting both from genetic and environmental factors. Most drug dose adjustment guidelines are based on genetics performed in healthy volunteers. However, hospitalized patients are not only more likely to be the target of new prescriptions and drug treatment modifications than healthy volunteers, but will also be more subject to polypharmacy, drug–drug interactions, or to suffer from disease or inflammation affecting CYP activities.

Whereas Mendelian genetics is an important research program in the life sciences, its school version is problematic.

A comprehensive knowledge of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecular variation worldwide is essential in human population genetics research and disease association studies and is also indispensable for clinical applications such as allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, where ensuring HLA compatibility between donors and recipients is paramount.

Engineered gene drives are an emerging technology for the large-scale genetic modification of natural populations of species. They are controversial due to high levels of uncertainty about their risks and benefits.

Yaws affects children in tropical regions, while syphilis primarily affects sexually active adults worldwide. Despite various campaigns towards the eradication of yaws and elimination of syphilis, these two diseases are still present in Ghana.

Dans ce chapitre, nous introduirons quelques concepts de base en génétique des populations et présenterons certaines approches méthodologiques essentielles à l'analyse des données des polymorphismes sanguins étudiés dans les populations humaines.

Biological invasions have profound impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and services, resulting in substantial economic and health costs estimated in the trillions of dollars. Preventing and managing biological invasions are vital for sustainable development, aligning with the goals of the United Nations Biodiversity Conference.

While the role of selection in divergence along the speciation continuum is theoretically well understood, defining specific signatures of selection in the genomic landscape of divergence is empirically challenging.